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Question: What are the proper steps for bathing a newborn?

It’s mandatory in Irish hospitals for midwives to go through the routine of washing a new baby with parents just before they leave, so most of us will have a good idea of what is involved. However, if you were overcome with the excitement of getting your little one back home for the first time, or if you’ve suddenly drawn a blank on just what part follows the other, here is a handy step by step list for making sure that everything goes as smoothly as possible for both baby and parents.

Did you know that for the first few weeks of a baby's life it is advisable to just give them a warm sponge bath with a gentle damp washcloth? However, once the umbilical area heals, you can proceed with giving your newborn a bath in the sink or a small plastic tub designed for bathing babies.

Babies are usually quite uncomfortable with the change in temperature that bathing involves, but you might find that he or she will sleep better afterward. If for this reason you want to give baby a bath on most evenings, it is best not to use gel, shampoo, or lotion more than once a week, as this will dry out their sensitive skin.

1. Spend a few moments to get together all of the necessary bath supplies.  Then, place a soft towel, a fresh nappy, and clean baby clothes or pyjamas on a nearby flat surface.  Tip:  You can make things easier on baby by turning up the central heating a bit and taking the chill out the air if you’re bathing in winter.
2. Add warm water to the tub or sink to about a depth of 3 inches.  Be sure it is not too hot. About 32 degrees Celsius is perfect, and you can test it by dipping your elbow, which is more sensitive than your hand, into the water.
3. Carry your baby over to the bath area and undress them completely. Tip:  If you find your baby cries through every bath, then leave their nappy on the next few times. It seems to give them an added sense of security during an unfamiliar and no doubt alarming process.
4. Slowly place your baby into the tub feet first.  Use one hand to support the baby's back, neck and head.
5. If you’re right handed, use your left to form a ring around your baby’s upper arm near the shoulder with your thumb and middle finger. This will hold them perfectly in place and prevent them from slipping. Using your other hand, wet down your baby's body with your cupped hand or even use a small plastic cup.  Tip:  Pouring the warm bathwater over your baby steadily throughout the bathing process will ensure they don't get too chilled.
6. Be sure that you use a mild soap.  With a soft facecloth, start at the top and work your way down the baby's body.  Gently lean the baby back and then apply water to their hair and scalp in the same manner as their body. Then slowly pour clean water over the baby's head, being very careful not to alarm them or get water or soap in their eyes.  Tip: Did you know babies are born with all the natural oils needed to keep the scalp healthy, so it is not strictly necessary to use shampoo on their hair at this stage?  
7. Rinse your cloth well and then gently cleanse the baby's eyes and face.  Sleep or hardened mucus may have collected in the corners of your baby's eyes or nostrils. Get the cloth nice and wet and then dab at this softly. The water will soften the deposits, and you can wipe them away without any undue irritation or upset.  
8. Ensure you are thorough by paying particular attention to small creases, and behind the ears and under the neck.  These are areas that retain moisture.  Be sure that these areas are clean and dry.
9. It is imperative that you clean the baby's genitals last.  Use a little bit of baby soap and be sure to rinse the area well. Tip: If you are washing a baby girl always wash from front to back to prevent any sort of infection.
10. Rinse your baby thoroughly with lots of warm clean water.
11. Very carefully lift your clean baby out of the tub or sink.  Use one hand to support their little neck and head and the other hand to support their bottom end.  Tip:  Babies are very slippery when they are wet, so it is a good idea to keep your fingers wrapped around one thigh or the upper arm to ensure they don't slip out of your grasp.
12. Now you can wrap your clean beautiful baby in a hooded towel and pat them dry.   

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Question: What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?

Answer: This is one of those subjects that everybody has a joke about, and truth be told, some of them are pretty funny. The elephant in the room, however, is that erectile dysfunction is no laughing matter in reality. The answer to today’s question then is not just a list of the causes of the condition, but also a quick tutorial on how it can be avoided.

Knowing What the Problem Is

Difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection for adequate sexual performance involves both physical and psychological processes. As such, pinpointing exactly where the problem begins and whether it is physical or mental or even both can be troublesome. If the problem is ongoing and persistent, or if there are any underlying health problems, it is usually best to arrange a consultation with your doctor. 

Some of the increasingly common medical conditions linked with erectile dysfunction are heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure. In some cases, erectile dysfunction can also be caused by prostate problems, including prostate cancer, which is another reason not to put off having a check-up, particularly if you are over 30. Post-surgery erectile dysfunction can also occur, and in the majority of these cases, it will cease as the healing process continues. Sometimes, the problem of erectile dysfunction will be brought on by the medication prescribed to treat these conditions. It’s possible in this case that bringing the subject up may bring some embarrassment to the patient, but it’s only by informing your doctor that any possible help can be forthcoming.

Lifestyle Factors

In some cases diet and lifestyle may contribute to the problem. Smoking, for example, can harden the arteries and restrict blood flow around the body, making for a serious, yet completely needless impediment. By the same token, alcohol and illegal drug use can have hinder the process in the short term, particularly on or after a heavy night. This will become more pronounced over time if the abuse of drugs continues, gradually making the ability to have full penetrative sex more and more difficult, even leading to full blown impotence if unchecked. 

A sedentary lifestyle will have a similar effect, though the symptoms may seem less severe and gradual in the short term here. The “couch potato” lifestyle of moving from bed to car to a job that is primarily seated and back again, without taking adequate exercise during free time can be just as harmful to a person’s sex life as drug and alcohol abuse.

Couple either or both of these habits with a less than balanced diet, especially if it is high in fat and cholesterol and the chances of developing some form of erectile dysfunction increase further. These will clog and narrow arteries also, restricting the amount of blood that can reach the penis. If you have been diagnosed with high cholesterol, chances are that you will need some form of medication to control it, obtainable from your local pharmacist, who will also be able to advise on other treatments that may be available.

Beyond Physical Causes

If there are still existing problems with erectile dysfunction even after changes have been made to diet, lifestyle, and exercise regimens, and there are no underlying medical problems of which the condition could be a side effect, then it is likely that there is some other, perhaps psychological, cause. These can usually be put down to stress or anxiety (which will be discussed in a later post). In this case, a professional consultation is the safest and quickest route to take.

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Question: Are Vitamin Drinks a Good Idea?

Answer: Getting extra vitamins into our diet is always a good idea, especially when many of us struggle to fit our five a day into our meals. Taking vitamins in liquid form is a great way to make things easier and ensure that we keep topped up all the time. In the short term, vitamin drinks are a great pick-me-up on the move, and over the course of a longer day, a full complement of iron, calcium, and vitamin C etc. will make sure that we’re not run down and alert enough to get the most out of the hours in the day. Finally, by keeping our systems strong, it’s less likely that we’ll come down with any of the usual seasonal ailments like colds and flu, which can make an already gloomy time of year even worse.

Accept no alternatives…

It’s important to make sure that the vitamin drinks we’re taking in are actually healthy and not simply crammed full of sugar. That will keep us pepped for an hour, but the inevitable crash will leave us feeling even worse than we were before. The ingredients on the label here are the key. If you see something along the lines of “Carbonated Water, Sugar…” or “Carbonated Water, Glucose”, then it’s best to put that brand back and try something else.  A high amount of caffeine is not what you’re looking for either, as this will have the same effect. 

Instead, keep an eye out for the drinks with actual fresh fruit (or even concentrate), along with other natural ingredients like nuts or pumpkin seeds. Natural yoghurt is also great for energy also. 

Why not make your own?

It makes sense to try your hand at coming up with your own energy shakes and drinks by investing perhaps in a smoothie maker that includes a transportable container. Not only does this make economic sense in the long term, but it also means that you can sure that everything you’re taking in is completely natural.

Here a quick overview of what you could think about including-

Vitamin A- Strengthens immunity and keeps the eyes sharp, Vitamin A also repairs damage tissue (particularly after strenuous exercise) and helps with growth. It’s found in mangos and apricots, as well as milk and eggs. Shredded carrot is also a nice addition to a shake and full of Vitamin A.

Iron- The root of our red blood cell count and as such responsible for the dispersal of oxygen all around the body, a low iron count means that we lose focus and become sluggish. Avoid becoming dull by adding some diced dried fruit or even a few flakes of a bran cereal to your shake.

Vitamin C- The antioxidant to beat them all, Vitamin C works out the contaminants from our systems and even protects us from serious illnesses like heart disease and cancer. As well keeping our colds and flus less severe it also helps the bones and the rest of the body to digest iron. It’s found in all the fun fruits like oranges, kiwis, and strawberries, and will give you a long lasting pick me up that sugar and caffeine that can only dream of.

To really get the fruit bar or Jamba Juice effect, try adding chilled natural yoghurt or ice to give a revitalising kick, or even experiment with freezing fruit overnight to keep things cool.  

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Migraine Treatment

Question: What are the steps to take when a migraine strikes?

“You’re giving me a migraine,” has entered our colloquial vocabulary as a phrase synonymous with ultimate discomfort. It’s no wonder that people who have literal migraines are truly suffering – even more than those with the figurative sort. Migraines may be awful, but that does not mean there is nothing to be done. 

What is a migraine?

A migraine is like a headache, but much worse. Migraine pain is usually located at the front, or on one side, of the head. In some cases, the pain may also occur on both sides of the head and can even affect the face or neck. Migraines can also cause nausea and vomiting. The pain throbs and intensifies if you move. Migraines also increase sensitivity to light. This makes going about your day quite difficult. Instead, when migraines strike, most people tend to hide out in their quiet and darkened bedroom. 

What are the signs a migraine is about to strike?

If you regularly experience migraines you may have noticed subtle changes that indicate that a migraine may be on the way. These can include constipation, depression, food cravings, hyperactivity, irritability, neck stiffness, and uncontrollable yawning. You may also experience visual phenomena such as flashes of bright light, bright spots, seeing various shapes, vision loss, or dizziness. These are sometimes associated with pins and needles sensations in an arm or leg as well as speech or language problems. Of course it is also possible for a migraine to come on suddenly without warning. 

How to improve self-management of migraines 

Because many of the signs of an on-coming migraine are shared with other ailments it can be difficult to notice patterns. You might consider keeping a symptoms log to help you predict when your migraines will strike. Knowing that it is coming is one of the best ways to minimize the effects. 

When migraines strike

The first rule is to take care of yourself. Listen to your body, create the space you need and communicate with loved ones. Communication about what you need when a migraine strikes might make things go smoother before it arrives in full force. 

Muscle relaxation techniques can help ease migraines. You might try a yoga class of the meditative (non-athletic) sort. Look for classes, DVDs, and books on restorative, therapeutic, kundalini and yin yoga. If you take a class, tell the instructor that you experience migraines; he or she may have additional suggestions for you. It is also important to get enough, but not too much, sleep each night. Is there a new pillow or mattress that might improve the quality of your sleep? Try to calm yourself and clear your thoughts before going to bed at night. 

Other options

There are a number of therapies that might be useful to you including acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, and vitamins such as B2 and COQ10, which are available at your local pharmacy. You might also learn helpful techniques through cognitive behavioral therapy, which is offered through mental health professionals.


When to seek medical advice 

If your migraines are frequent yet controlled, you should still your G.P. If you find that you are having migraines five or more times a month then you should consult your G.P. The other reason to consult a physician is the uncontrollable migraine. If you cannot manage your migraines with over-the-counter medication, it’s time to call your G.P. 

When to call an ambulance 

If you or someone else experiences paralysis or weakness in one or both arms and/or one side of the face, slurred or garbled speech, blinding pain unlike anything experienced before, a fever, stiff neck, mental confusion, seizures, double vision, or a rash, you should take immediate action. These symptoms may feign as a migraine but can actually be indications of more serious conditions such as a stroke or meningitis. 

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Menopause Treatment

Question: What are the treatments available for menopause?

No one every said menopause was easy, but help is on the way. Changing hormones can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms. Your G.P. or pharmacist can prescribe medications that address the physical effects of these hormone changes as well as the physiological effects. 

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Most women have heard of HRT, but not everyone fully understands it.  There is not a silver bullet for menopause symptoms, but HRT may be the closest that chemists have come. The name “hormone replacement therapy,” is a good indication of what the drug does: it replaces the hormone estrogen, which is the female hormone that decreases during the course of menopause. The reduction of estrogen is a normal part of aging, but normal does not always mean pleasant. 

Because HRT treats the source of the symptoms – the hormone change - rather than responding to one symptom at a time, it can be quite effective in reducing the overall troubles of menopause. HRT can relieve hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal symptoms and urinary tract infections. The pharmacist may give you a cream or gel, tablet, or skin patch. HRT is also available as an implant. 

Talk to your pharmacist to understand the possible side effects. These include weight gain, tender breasts, nausea, headaches, and mood changes. If you are experiencing these side effects, your G.P. and pharmacist may help you reduce your dose or suggest that you change the kind of HRT you are taking. Or, depending on the severity of your symptoms and risk factors, perhaps the best answer for you is to avoid HRT altogether. 

HRT medicines can increase a woman’s risk of health problems such as breast cancer, heart disease and stroke. But then again, some women - those with early onset menopause and those who have had their ovaries removed - may be prone to other health problems, if they do not take HRT. These conditions include osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, and dementia. 

As you can see, the logic puzzle of whether or not to take HRT can become complex rather quickly. This is why it is best to consult your G.P. who can take all these factors into account given your personal health history and lifestyle. If you still have periods, your G.P. may suggest a combined HRT that includes both estrogen and progesterone. If you are past menopause, your G.P. might prescribe continued HRT.

Alternatives to HRT

Women under the age of 60 might be interested in Tibolone, a hormone that is similar to HRT. It still has some risks, but generally the risks less than the risks associated with HRT. In addition to addressing hot flashes and night sweats, Tibolone may improve sex drive and can also help to prevent spinal fractures. 

Another medication that is now commonly prescribed for menopause is Clondine. This medication was originally created for hypertension (high blood pressure), but has been found to reduce hot flashes and night sweats. For women who have trouble regulating their temperature, this can feel like a lifesaver. If you start taking this medication, plan to check in with your pharmacist at two weeks and four weeks to report back as to whether your symptoms are improving. 

Other alternatives to HRT include antidepressants, lubricants, and the usual: healthy eating and regular exercise. Some women have also found it helpful to carry a small fan in their purse for when the hot flashes arise. If anyone asks, don’t be ashamed, just tell the person you’re having a “power surge” and continue whatever you were talking about before the hot flash came on.  

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Menopause – Symptoms and Onset

Question: What are the common symptoms of the onset of menopause?

The Perimenopausal Stage

Changes to the monthly cycle are usually the first indication that menopause has begun. The start of menopause is called the perimenopausal stage; this is usually marked by lighter or heavier periods, and changes to the frequency of time between periods. There may be more than three weeks between periods or even months. The perimenopausal stage is considered complete when a woman has gone twelve months without a period. 

Menopause Symptoms

Women experience different sets of symptoms and these symptoms can change during menopause. Menopause usually lasts about four years, but can last anywhere from two to ten years. Menopause can cause hot flashes and headaches. During menopause, it is not uncommon to experience vaginal dryness, pain or itching, bladder irritability, or urinary tract infections (UTIs). Women in menopause may have decreased sex drives, or might experience itching or discomfort during sex. Mood changes, such as irritability, depression or anxiety are also common. Women might also find that their sleep is disturbed by insomnia or night sweats. Women who experience menopause suddenly may find that their symptoms are worse than women who have a more gradual onset. 

Onset and Early Onset

Most women experience menopause from their mid-forties to mid-fifties. The average age is somewhere around 51, but statistics vary. Some women may not experience menopause until they are in their sixties. Other women may suffer from early onset, also called perimenopause, before their fortieth birthdays. 

Early onset menopause happens naturally, but can also be attributed to certain conditions, illnesses and medical procedures. In rare cases, some infections, such as tuberculosis, malaria, mumps, chicken pox and shingles might cause early onset. Conditions such as Down’s Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Addison’s Disease and hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland) may also be related to early onset. Possible causes from medical procedures include hysterectomy (removal of the ovaries or womb), and cancer treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 

During menopause, at any stage, the ovaries slow and eventually stop their production of estrogen. Estrogen can help protect women from conditions such as osteoporosis and ovarian cancer. This means that women with early onset menopause will spend more years without this protective factor, thus increasing their overall risk. 

Taking Care of Yourself

In mild cases, women will be able to cope with and sooth symptoms without seeing their G.P. One of the best things a woman can do during menopause is to maintain a proper diet and exercise regimen. During and after menopause women should prioritize fiber-rich fruits and vegetables and small amount of calcium-rich dairy products. Women should avoid saturated fats, fatty meats, fatty dairy (chose 1% or skim), and too much salt. Women should engage in at least 30 minutes of exercise a day; more is better. Your pharmacist can help you create a plan for your diet and exercise. If itching and dryness gives you an excuse not to exercise, you might also ask your pharmacist to provide a cream to help clear that up. Hopefully you’ll be in your running shoes in no time! 

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Question: How can you treat the top five embarrassing ailments? Part 2/2

Answer: Last week we took a look at some of the causes of everyday embarrassing conditions like bad breath and excessive sweating.  In many of the cases, the problem is something that is quite simple and easily avoided. This week then we’re going to see what kind of treatments are available to treat them if the problem is particularly bad or ongoing. 

Please note though that if initial over the counter treatments do not work, or if the problem is particularly acute, then it is always best to seek a consultation with a medical professional.

Bad Breath

As we saw, bad breath is usually caused by the breakdown of leftover food particles in the mouth by bacteria, which then releases gas. The most straightforward cure for bad breath is to overhaul your tooth brushing regimen. Remember to brush at least twice a day, particularly after meals. The key here, however, is not exactly the amount of times you brush, but rather how you do it. 

For starters, the teeth and mouth need to be brushed for two minutes at a time, minimum. Studies by various dental federations in the United States have found that well over half of all people questioned brush for less than half that time. Along with brushing the teeth, make sure to run the brush over your gums and the tongue. The tongue is one of the largest areas in the mouth for bacteria to collect, but most people forget to brush it properly. Remember to only brush with moderate force, as brushing too hard can result in receding gums, which is irreparable. Along with the brush, flossing and mouthwash will finish off any remaining bacteria and go a long way to making sure that your breath is fresh all day.

Excessive Sweating

The amount that we sweat has a lot to do with our genetics and family history, but there are some things we can do to lessen the problem. Taking up some kind of aerobic activity, whether it be walking, jogging, cycling (spinning), dance, or anything similar will go a long way to getting the heart rate up, improving your overall fitness, and so reducing your preponderance to sweat in everyday situations. 

Sweating can also be a sign of a potential or underlying condition like heart problems, so moderate exercise will have a double fold effect here in helping the sufferer perhaps more than they know.

Wind

In a lot of cases, flatulence is caused by swallowing air while we’re eating and so the simple solution here is to eat slightly slower and chew our food properly before we take it into the stomach. More chewing will also help with digesting the food once it’s in the stomach, thereby reducing the production of sulphur, which is the main component in the smell that comes with wind. 

Some foods, like garlic and onions, will increase the likelihood of both bad breath and wind, and so it is to be advised that they are avoided as much as possible if either or both of these conditions are becoming a problem.

Scabies 

Scabies can be contracted quite easily if you work in a job which necessitates close contact with others, and schoolchildren are particularly susceptible given the close nature of classrooms and games at break time. If they are contracted, it’s best to consult with your pharmacist for the best treatment. Most likely these will be either a cream containing permethrin or a lotion containing malathion. In some cases, an oral medication might be recommended. Those suffering from scabies should wash their hands often, both to prevent spreading the disease to different areas or even on to others.

Dandruff

Unlike scabies, dandruff cannot be contracted from other people, but it is still an embarrassing and distracting condition to have. It can be prevented to some measure by shampooing the hair regularly, as well as keeping your zinc and Vitamin B levels topped up, either with over the counter supplements if necessary, or with a rounded diet. Dandruff can also result from changing your regular hair treatments, so it might be well to bear that in mind. Ultimately, however, the best treatment by far is washing the hair and scalp thoroughly with a dedicated dandruff shampoo as directed. 

Previous week: What are the top five embarrassing everyday bodily problems?

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

Question: What are the top five embarrassing everyday bodily problems? Part 1/2

It’s ironic that a lot of the most common everyday problems we encounter are also some of the most embarrassing. It can be difficult to work up the courage to seek assistance when some of these conditions develop, but it’s even worse to allow them to continue and perhaps even get worse. Confidence in ourselves is one of the most important qualities when it comes to happiness and success, and so this week we’re going to take a look at just what five of the most common embarrassing bodily problems are, and what perhaps may be causing them. 

Next week then, we’ll be going through some dedicated treatments and cures that are easily purchased at your local pharmacy, which are virtually guaranteed to clear up the problem, whatever it is. Remember, all staff are trained to help with almost any problem you can think of, so never be shy about enquiring about what you can do to try and improve things.

Bad Breath

Surveys regularly list bad breath, or halitosis, as one of the main fears that people have when it comes to interacting with others. If you’re aware that you might have a problem here, it can seriously undermine how you deal with everyone from work colleagues to family members. 

Bad breath generally has one overarching cause. When we eat, food particles, usually so tiny as to be virtually unnoticeable, remain in the mouth. Being warm and wet, the mouth is the perfect breeding ground for bacteria, which are more than happy to live off the feast that we are providing them with every meal. Once they have finished eating the leftover food in and around the teeth and gums, not to mention the tongue, the bacteria then release gases. In the vast majority of cases this is what is causing the bad breath. Brushing after eating, around the whole mouth and not just on the teeth will often reduce the problem significantly.

In a lesser number of cases, bad breath is caused by the food we have eaten, particularly onions and garlic, both of which can affect our breath for days afterward. 

Excessive Sweating

Sweating, though it’s not usually mentioned in polite company, is absolutely vital to our health. Not only does it keep the body cool in hot weather or during exercise, but it is also one of the primary ways that our body gets rid of toxins and waste. 

Excessive sweating, or hyperhidrosis, however, can be very embarrassing, particularly when we develop things like sweaty palms before a handshake or damp patches under our arms during the summer. 

Genetics play a large part in how much we sweat, and there is little we can do about that, but there are a number of things that do trigger sweating regardless of our family history. Anxiety is one, and this is why sweaty palms are a common problem before we meet new people. Our level of physical fitness is another. If we’re overweight or even out of training when it comes to aerobic exercise, sweating can be triggered simply by brisk walking. Finally, sweating during and immediately after a fever is normal, as this is the body’s way of protecting itself from the rise of temperature that comes with the illness. 

Outside of these situations, anxiety, (unexpected) exertion, and fever, excessive sweating could be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. These can include diabetes or heart problems, so it’s best to get checked if it is an ongoing problem. 

Wind

Breaking wind uncontrollably is certainly one of the most embarrassing things that can be happen to anyone, and like the other problems on this list, it has a surprisingly simple cause. As we eat, we take in air at the same time that we swallow food, which then settles in the stomach. The harmless air is then expelled either through the mouth (burping or belching), or through the backside. When the air comes from the back, it can also contain sulphur, which is a product of undigested food in the stomach. 

In extreme cases, conditions like irritable bowel syndrome can cause excess wind, and if this is the case then an appointment with your G.P. is called for.   

Scabies

Skin conditions can cause us to be very self-conscious no matter where they strike, and scabies is among the most common. Though it usually doesn’t strike in the most visible areas of the neck or head, scabies is embarrassing as it’s known to be caused by an infestation of parasites. These mites are called Sarcoptes, which work their way under the skin and cause unsightly and itchy blotches on the affected area. These are usually on the feet or arms, as well as the groin area. 

Scabies are contracted by physical contact with another person, and as such are hard to prevent if you’re occupied in an area that necessitates working closely with others. Scabies can also spread quickly through children due the long hours spent together in classrooms and break time. 

Dandruff

Dandruff can make wearing dark clothes a bit of a nightmare, and the itching that comes with the condition makes matters even more uncomfortable. Fighting the urge to scratch your head and dust off your shoulders is also a continual battle if you work somewhere where people can see you constantly. 

Dandruff can be caused by a large number of practices and physical characteristics. Infrequent shampooing of the hair is one, while a lack of zinc and Vitamin B in the daily diet is another. On the other hand, the scalp can also react to some otherwise harmless hair care products and produce dandruff in response. More serious problems like psoriasis and eczema can also expand into a dandruff problem also. 

The good news with dandruff is that it’s usually easily treated with a dedicated anti-dandruff shampoo available at your local pharmacy. 

Next week: What are the best treatments for all of the embarrassing ailments listed above?

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy

What are the various signs of the onset of asthma in children?

Asthma is one of the most common ailments in Ireland, and it would appear that the number of people, particularly children, suffering from the problem is growing. Already, the HSE says that 470,000 Irish people have some form of asthma, from a population of 4.5 million, and as many as 20% of Irish children alone are suffering from the ailment. This number goes up to 1 out of 3 in the under-five age group. 

In order to catch the problem early if you have a small child, it’s important to be able to spot the signs of asthma. Once done, nearly all forms of asthma can be treated quite simply, as the majority of cases are mild, and a good number even fade away by the time child reaches the later stages of primary school.

What is Asthma?

Put simply, asthma is the inflammation or tightening of the airways that carry breath to and from the lungs. In milder cases, these airways constrict or close, limiting the amount of breath carried to the lungs and triggering most of the symptoms which will be discussed below. In more severe cases, mucus will develop on the lining of the airways, along with contraction of the muscle, making it more difficult to relieve the effects of the attack. In such cases, medical assistance is often necessary. 

These reactions can be caused by any number of triggers, such as cold air, household dust, aerosol sprays, cigarette smoke, even everyday exercise or plant pollen. Diet has also been linked to asthma, as have home environments that are too sterile and so leave children without the immunity to fight off otherwise harmless elements. 

What to Look Out For

Coughing in unusual circumstances is usually listed first as the number one sign of the onset of asthma. For example, if you notice that your child is coughing in the night, at the end of a laugh, or maybe in the normal course of outdoor play, then there is the possibility that they have developed a mild case of the condition. If this situation continues longer than a few days, then a GP check-up is recommended. If colds typically rest in the chest or last longer than ten days, the same applies.

Other symptoms include complaints of tightness in the chest or a “whistling”/wheezing sound in the same area. Remember that healthy children aged ten and under should be able to run rings around most adults, so if they are getting out of breath or more tired than has previously been the case, and without any particularly obvious cause, then it is worth getting a medical opinion on the matter. 

Diagnosis

Doctors will typically look for the aforementioned signs, but they will also be interested to know if there is a family history of the condition, as well as the frequency and duration of the symptoms. With that in mind, it’s a good idea to keep a home record from the time that symptoms are first noticed in order to ensure the most accurate diagnosis possible.

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy 

Question: What are the most common foods that trigger an allergic reaction?

Answer: There are few things scarier for a parent than seeing their child having an allergic reaction, and if you’ve ever heard the scare stories, you’ll know that it’s not something anyone would like to go through. This week we’re looking at the most common food types that may trigger an unexpected attack and a little about what such a reaction might entail. This will be followed next week then by a closer look at how we can watch out for these symptoms and what the best course of action is should they occur.

It might surprise some of us to learn that some of the most common food allergies are ones which we think of being so everyday, that we hardly think about them at all. For example - 

Milk 

Milk, a veritable staple of the Irish diet, and with it other dairy products, is among one of the more common food groups that can bring out negative symptoms when consumed by young children. It should be noted that breast milk is still the best option for a baby’s health and growth, but symptoms like vomiting, diarrhoea, reflux, and even shock in some cases can result from the switch to cow’s milk and formula. Infant formula contains a percentage of cow’s milk protein. The Irish Food Allergy Network mentions that a milk allergy is particularly difficult to spot and will more than likely require a higher amount of clinical inspection.

Eggs

Along with milk, eggs are also a common allergy trigger food, but the possibility of a problem with them is often overlooked as mere fussiness. As eggs can be included in a wide number of dishes and in a variety of cooked forms, they are also one of the harder allergy foods to spot. A common misconception of children with egg allergies is that they should avoid the MMR vaccine, as a story emerged some years back that the shot somehow contained egg or egg extracts. This is a total falsity, and there is no substantiated reason for children with egg allergies to avoid getting this vital inoculation. 

Nuts

A nut allergy can be amongst the most serious of conditions, and tragically, can even result in fatalities. Somewhat like an egg allergy, the problem with nuts is that they are often included in a wide range of foods that most of us would not expect, such as chilli dishes, for example, vegetable protein, and even chocolate that is not specifically marketed as nut flavoured. 

Nut allergies are often differentiated between peanut and tree nut allergies, and it is possible to suffer from one without having a problem without the other. In both cases, however, the body’s reaction is the same. Mistaking the proteins in the nut or nut extracts for harmful agents the body reacts to defend itself and releases substances like histamines which are in effect more harmful than the contaminant. 

Nut allergies, once diagnosed, should be treated with the gravest seriousness, both by the sufferer, but also by the people around them, like family, teachers, friends, and classmates.

Shellfish

While an egg allergy usually affects children, a hypersensitivity to shellfish is generally found in adults. Allergies to certain breeds and types of ordinary, finned fish are also common, with salmon and tuna two of the most likely. It’s possible to test for the breeds of fish that patients are susceptible to, but doctors will usually advise patients to avoid all fish to be on the safe side. This is the best course of action to take with shellfish also, as allergic reactions to species like crab and shrimp or one of the mollusc varieties, like mussels and scallops, are severe. 

Wheat/Gluten

Wheat allergies is another condition that is more common in children and can sometimes develop in adolescence. In the last few years, gluten has perhaps become the most publicised of the wheat proteins due to celiac disease, but reactions to globulin and gliadin are in fact more common. Celiac disease is not actually an allergic condition, but a problem with digestion occurring in the small intestine. 

Wheat allergies will often mean that common foods like bread and cereals will not to be avoided (as well desserts like cakes unfortunately), and your pharmacist or doctor will be able to advise on alternatives. For grown-ups, a wheat allergy might also unfortunately mean having to cut down on or forego wheat beer and ale, but for many of us no doubt that’s a positive! 

Finally, if you’re worried that abstaining from any of the foods on the list will result in a vitamin deficiency, then there is a full complement of supplements available at your pharmacist’s that will make sure that you’re covered from any shortfalls. 

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy 

Question: How do you watch out for the symptoms of an allergic reaction?

Answer: Last week, we looked at some of the different types of foods that commonly cause allergic reactions. In no particular order, these were milk, eggs, fish and shellfish, and wheat, along with nuts and peanuts. As will be immediately obvious on looking through that list, avoiding all of those foods is difficult to say the least for most of us and tremendously impractical given our diet in this country, coupled with the fact that a lot of them are staples of a healthy, balanced food regimen for the majority of people who will probably never develop allergies. 

Another factor to consider with allergic reactions is that they are most often triggered by foods that are included as additives to larger dishes (say peanuts in a chilli dish or prawns in a chicken pasta), so rather than avoiding perfectly good and nutritious foods, it is best to know what the various symptoms of an allergic reaction are so that they can be caught early and more serious situations arrested before they can develop further. 

Early Signs or Mild Reactions

If your child is allergic to a certain type of food, this will begin to manifest itself in a number of ways. Some children complain of an itchy or tingling feeling around their mouths after eating, for example. You might take notice if this differs from the usual complaints you hear about how bad or good something tastes. Abdominal pain and/or diarrhoea are definite signs that the food in question should be treated with caution in the future. Skin conditions like eczema or hives are also tell-tale signs that your child perhaps has a problem with properly processing some of the food they ate. On their own, these are not particularly harmful, discomfort from itching being the main consequence, and your local pharmacist will be able to advise on the correct course of treatment without the need for a doctor’s appointment.

Stronger Symptoms

More serious reactions to certain foods include swelling of the lips, tongue, and various parts of the mouth. A quickening of the pulse, or a feeling of lightness and dizziness can also result. These might occur together or on their own. In certain cases, the sufferer’s breathing may become laboured, and you might notice that they are wheezing. Congestion of the nose is also usually listed as a symptom of allergic reaction, but this can be difficult to spot as something out of the ordinary.

Getting Help

If the symptoms listed above continue or become more severe, then emergency medical assistance is necessary. In the most severe cases, what is known anaphylaxis or, more commonly, anaphylactic shock takes place. This condition is potentially life threatening and emergency services should be sought if it develops. Unfortunately, it can occur rapidly, and sometimes without the pre-existence of any of the milder symptoms. Anaphylaxis can include the tightening of the airways, making it difficult to breath. Drops in blood pressure, sometimes so quick that collapse or shock is the result, will lead to loss of consciousness. In all of these situations, ordinary home remedies like antihistamines are only of limited use and it’s vitally important to respond quickly.
Further information on allergies and allergic reactions are readily available at your local pharmacist and G.P.’s office.

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy 

Question: What are some alternatives to traditional aftershave?

Answer:  Aftershave, like a lot of hygiene products for men, is something that not a lot of us think about a lot beyond the fragrance. Indeed, most Irish men at least will avoid talking about the products they use like the plague, as if it’s something that they have no part in whatsoever, most often mumbling something about getting it for Christmas or how their other half bought it for them. Aftershave can be something of an exception to this rule, but the only thing that is likely to merit a mention is if it is a fairly well-known brand or at least on the expensive side. Any discussion beyond that will usually result in a blank stare or perhaps a friendly shrug.

This is odd when we consider that aftershave is a product we apply on a daily or near daily basis to our face, but one which we most likely put zero thought into when it comes to how it is affecting our skin. It can be hard to admit that a certain product is irritating the skin or causing discomfort, let alone murmur that forbidden term “sensitive skin.” But if you’re finding that the blotchy look of shaving rash and blood on your collar is outweighing the benefit of your favourite aftershave’s scent, here are a few alternatives to consider.

Cut Out the Alcohol

A wet shave using water, cream, and a razor leaves the pores of the face open, as well many tiny nicks and cuts on the skin which are often all but invisible. The majority of men’s aftershaves contain alcohol to treat these cuts and open pores to ensure that they do not become clogged or infected. The problem with that, however, is that alcohol dehydrates the skin and often leaves it feeling tight, as well as prone to premature aging. If you’re finding that you’re suffering from this uncomfortably tight feeling after shaving, perhaps an alcohol free aftershave or balm might be the answer. Neutrogena, for example, offers a great aftershave that fits the bill perfectly. Washing the face with cold water after your shave but before application will help close up the pores and cuts sufficiently in any case. 

Stay Young

If the idea of avoiding the premature aging and tightness that comes with alcohol based aftershaves and actually slowing down the inevitable lines that come with aging appeals to you, then perhaps it might be an idea to avoid the lotion and balm area of post shaving treatments and try one of the many moisturizers for men that are on the market. These combine the benefits listed above, along with being perfect for men who do suffer from sensitive skin after shaving. The Nivea for Men range has both a “Rehydrating Moisturizer” and “Sensitive Moisturizer” which provide protection after shaving throughout the day, refreshes the skin, and also protects from UV rays if you’re working outdoors. 

Worried about Smell?

The most important part of an aftershave for many of us, especially on a night out or special occasion, is the scent. This is a factor that can be lost if switching to a non-alcohol shaving balm or a moisturizer. If you’re looking for something to fill in the gap, take a look at the range of colognes or eau de toilettes stocked in your local pharmacy, and take your pick. 

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy 

Question: Do you know the right SPF sun block for your holiday destination?

Answer: Although we’ve been blessed with something of an Indian summer this year, the bad news is that it’s not likely to last for much longer. If you’re one of those who can’t wait for the good weather to come back and are lucky enough to be able to take a break somewhere warm in the winter, it’s a good idea take some precautions and stock up on some of the right kind of sun cream both for yourself and the young ones who might need it even more. Here’s a quick guide.

What exactly is SPF?

The letters on our bottles of sun block stand Sun Protection Factor. This is why we describe the strength of our sunscreen as being a “Factor” followed by a number. We’ve all talked about wearing “Factor 30” or only putting on “Factor 15” when we want to get some colour, but how many of us know what those numbers mean in practice? The SPF number actually corresponds to the amount of time that the sunblock will protect the wearer, multiplied by the amount of time it usually takes them to burn without protection. In essence, if you get burned after ten minutes in the sun without sun block, then an SPF 15 will protect you for 150 minutes (10 minutes x 15). 

An Inexact Science

Picking out a sunscreen would seem on the surface to be rather straightforward then. If Factor 15 can give you protection for 150 minutes, or two and a half hours, then Factor 60 will protect you for four times longer, ten hours even.
Wrong! Unfortunately, SPF numbers are an inexact measurement and work for this amount of time only in theory. A trip to the beach isn’t complete without a dip in the sea and then drying off with a towel afterward, for example. The strongest SPF, even if it claims to be waterproof, is not going to hold up to that. Heat also results in the body’s natural cooling system, sweat, kicking in, and sweat also washes away your sunblock.  
The unpredictability of SPF numbers and the myriad situations in which you could be using it means that the labels will tell you that you always need to re-apply every two hours to be guaranteed of sun protection.

What to look for…

When choosing the best sunblock for you and your family then look out for the following – 

Physical and Chemical Sunblocks: Both of these variants work to protect the skin differently. Physical sunblocks, for example, scatter the ultraviolet (UV) rays before they reach the skin and sit on the face and body rather being absorbed into it. They are recommended for children and older people with sensitive skin as they are less likely to irritate as a result.

Chemical sunblocks are absorbed by the skin, and they work by nullifying the harmful effects of the sun before they can cause harm. Because UV rays come in different layers, a variety of chemicals are blended to give the best all round protection available. 

Many brands of sun cream provide a combination sunblock that uses both physical and chemical ingredients.  

UV rays come in two varieties, UVA and UVB. Because UVB is the variety which causes sunburn, SPF’s were developed only with them in mind. Since then, however, the negative consequences of UVA (namely, premature aging of the skin) and its tendency to also increase the risk of skin cancer have become more widely known. Luckily, to combat this, new “broad spectrum” sunblocks have been developed and you should read the labels carefully to ensure that your intended protection contains an ingredient like titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or oxybenzone, which will block UVA as well as UVB.

To sum up, look for a bit more than a simple high SPF when you’re travelling anywhere with a lot of sun. Ask at your local pharmacy for a good quality sunblock that uses both physical and chemical ingredients, along with protection from both UVA and UVB rays.

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John Keane is a full time pharmacist and owner of Keanes Pharmacy. Why not discuss this topic confidentially with John anytime in person at Keanes Pharmacy, Austin Friars or 0449342884 ©Keanes Pharmacy